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Evolution of Operating System

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Amrita Mishra
Jul 04, 2024
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Evolution of Operating System

Introduction:

  • Operating system is a type of software that acts as an interface between the user and the hardware.

  • Operating systems are the backbone of every digital device, bridging hardware and software.

  • These operating systems are evolved over the years and cater to the best user experience.

  • The journey of operating systems started in 1940 with the beginning of the digital age.

  • The earliest computer was operated without an operating system, and the programs were manually written and executed sequentially. 

 

1. The First Generation (Serial Processing)

  •  Time period : 1940 to 1950
  • an operating system was not included in the creation of the first electrical computer.
  • These early computers were huge! And they came with a big price tag too.
  • Despite their size and cost, they could only do simple tasks.
  • Imagine a computer without an operating system! That’s how they were. They just did tasks one by one.
  • This means they finish one task before starting the next. No multitasking here!

2. The Second Generation (Batch System)

  •  Time period : 1955 – 1965
  • the IBM Computer, General Motors has created the operating system.
  • Because it gathers all related jobs into groups or batches and then submits them to the operating system. 
  • similar tasks (or jobs) are grouped into batches and then processed sequentially without any user interaction.
  • The goal was to automate the processing of jobs and minimize the setup time.

3. The Third Generation (Multi-Programmed Batch System)

  • Time period : 1965 – 1980
  • Control is transferred to the operating system upon each job’s completion, whether it be routinely or unexpectedly.
  • The operating system cleans up after each work is finished before reading and starting the subsequent job on a punch card.
  • Large, professionally operated machines known as mainframes were introduced after that.
  • Multiprogramming allows multiple jobs to reside in the main memory at once. 
  • Since multiple jobs are done at once, there was a need for more advanced memory management.
  • These memory needs led to the development of concepts such as memory partitioning, paging, and segmentation.

4. The Fourth Generation (Time-Sharing Operating System)

  • Time period : 1980 – Present Day
  • The fourth generation of personal computers is the result of these PDPs.
  • The evolution of the personal computer is linked to the fourth generation of operating systems.
  • Graphical User Interface that allows users to interact with the system using windows, icons, and menus.
  • Ability to run multiple applications simultaneously.
  • Built-in capabilities to connect to and function on networks, including the Internet.
  • Automatically recognize and configure hardware devices.
  • Advanced security mechanism to protect against malware, unauthorized access.

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